Thermosetting compositions and forming three-dimensional objects therefrom

ABSTRACT

Thermoset compositions and methods for forming three-dimensional articles via an additive fabrication process, and articles made therefrom are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a composition comprises a first network-forming component comprising a first oligomer comprising a backbone and having at least 2 polymerizable groups, one or more first network monomers, and a first network initiator. The backbone of the first oligomer comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide. The composition may further comprise a second network-forming component.

FIELD

The invention relates to thermosetting compositions and methods for producing three-dimensional objects by additive fabrication techniques, and articles produced therefrom.

BACKGROUND

Additive fabrication, also known as three-dimensional printing, is a technique for forming three-dimensional objects from computer data by building up objects one portion at a time until a final three-dimensional object is produced. Additive techniques can be contrasted with subtractive techniques, such as milling, wherein portions of material are removed from a larger amount of material to produce the final three-dimensional object.

Various types of materials are used in additive fabrication processes. Generally, thermoplastic materials are used in, for example fused filament fabrication (FFF) and selective laser sintering (SLS) processes, whereas thermoset materials are used in, for example vat based processes and processes that involve jetting of liquid materials.

Generally, electromagnetic radiation is used to encourage rapid curing of the thermosetting materials. The electromagnetic radiation may be UV, visible, or infrared light and may be applied, for example, by lasers, lamps, or LEDs. The electromagnetic radiation may be applied selectively, e.g. by drawing a specific pattern with a laser, using a digital micromirror device (DMD), or a mask, or unselectively, e.g. by passing a lamp over the entirety of a surface. Post-processing by applying additional temperature or light to the newly formed three-dimensional object may be necessary to achieve the desired properties of a three-dimensional object formed from a thermosetting composition.

Various advances have been made to thermosetting materials for additive fabrication to improve the mechanical properties of the finished article. For example, US2010/0304088 describes a radiation curable resin composition comprising cationically polymerizable components and an impact modifier that, after full cure, results in a material having a high tensile modulus and high toughness, as shown by high impact strength and/or high resistance against crack propagation.

In US2011/0104500, there is described a radiation curable resin that, upon cure, attains a desirable combination of modulus, impact strength, heat deflection temperature, and water absorption. The radiation curable resin comprises a combination of epoxy functional components, an oxetane component, a (meth) acrylate component, an impact modifier, a free-radical photo-initiators, and a cationic photo-initiator.

Although various advances have been made to thermosetting materials for additive fabrication in recent years, the industry continues to demand better mechanical properties. An example of a material that has not yet been realized is a photo-polymerizable material that simultaneously achieves high glass transition temperature (Tg) and high toughness.

SUMMARY

The invention employs an oligomer comprising i) a backbone comprising a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide, and ii) a number average of at least two polymerizable groups per molecule, wherein the polymerizable groups comprise acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate (hereinafter, “first oligomer”). The first oligomer has a number average molecular weight of from 800 to 10,000 g/mol and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 40° C. or more. The first oligomers may be employed in compositions, such as compositions for forming a three-dimensional object via an additive fabrication processes, or as a kit of materials, which forms a composition when the elements of the kit of materials are combined.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in a composition as part of a first-network forming component consisting of 19.95 to 80 wt % of the first oligomer, 19.95 to 80 wt % of one or more first network monomers having a number average of 0.95 to 1.1 polymerizable groups, 0.05 to 5 wt % of one or more first network-forming initiators, and, optionally, up to 15 wt % of one or more further first network, monomers, oligomers, or polymers having a number average of 2 or more polymerizable groups. The substituents of the first network-forming component are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer and/or the one or more first-network monomers. If a component of the polymerizable composition cannot (co)polymerize with any of the first network-forming components then the component cannot be a first network-forming component. Particulate fillers that comprise polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer are not part of the first network-forming component.

An optional second network-forming component may be present in the composition. The second network-forming component comprises one or more second network compounds that comprise polymerizable groups that do not (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, and a second network initiator for initiating polymerization of the one or more second network compounds.

The components of the composition may also be separated and provided as a kit of materials. Further embodiments of the invention are described below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The composition for forming a three-dimensional object via an additive fabrication process comprises at least a first network-forming component. In an embodiment, the composition for forming a three-dimensional object via an additive fabrication process consists of a first network-forming component.

The first network-forming component comprises at least a first oligomer, one or more first network monomers, and a first network initiator. In an embodiment, the first network-forming component consists of at least a first oligomer, one or more first network monomers, and a first network initiator. The first oligomer should be soluble in the one or more first network monomers, such that, when mixed together, the parts of the first network-forming component should be present as a clear liquid.

In an embodiment, the first network-forming component is present in an amount of 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, 70 wt % or more, 80 wt % or more, 90 wt % or more, 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment the first network-forming component is present in an amount of 100 wt % or less, 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, or 60 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the first network-forming component is present in an amount of 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, 70 wt % or more, 80 wt % or more, 90 wt % or more, 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition, excluding the weight of any solvent. A solvent is a non-reactive liquid in which the components of the composition are dissolved. Typically, solvents are low molecular weight alcohols or water, depending on the reactive functionality of the composition. In an embodiment the first network-forming component is present in an amount of 100 wt % or less, 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, or 60 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the first network-forming component is present in an amount of 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, 70 wt % or more, 80 wt % or more, 90 wt % or more, 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt %, based on the weight of the composition, excluding the weight of any solvent and the weight of any components that do not comprise a polymerizable group (e.g. a non-reactive particulate filler). In an embodiment the first network-forming component is present in an amount of 100 wt % or less, 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, or 60 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent and any components that do not comprise a polymerizable group.

Optionally, the composition additionally comprises one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers having a number average of 2 or more polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer or the one or more first-network monomers.

Optionally, the composition additionally comprises a second network-forming component comprising one or more second network compounds that do not (co)polymerize with the first network-forming component, and a second network initiator for initiating the polymerization of the one or more second network compounds. For example, the first network-forming component may be polymerizable by free-radical polymerization and the second network-forming component may be polymerizable by cationic polymerization.

For purposes of the instant application, a non-limiting list of groups that (co)polymerize or do not (co)polymerize are defined as follows. Acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups (co)polymerize with acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups, and do not (co)polymerize with, for example, hydroxyl, epoxy, and oxetane groups. Hydroxyl, epoxy, and oxetane groups (co)polymerize with hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, and vinyl ether groups, and do not (co)polymerize with acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups. Vinyl ether groups (co)polymerize with acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, oxetane, hydroxyl, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups.

Thus, in the case that the first oligomer comprises a number average of at least 2 acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups per molecule, the one or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group and the optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers or polymers comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups. In the case that the first oligomer comprises a number average of at least 2 vinyl ether groups per molecule, the one or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group and the optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers or polymers comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises multiple different types of polymerizable groups. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a combination of methacrylate and acrylate groups. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a free-radically polymerizable group and a cationic polymerizable group. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises i) at least one polymerizable group selected from acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate, and ii) at least one polymerizable group selected from hydroxyl, epoxy, or oxetane. In an embodiment, the first oligomer does not comprise a cationically polymerizable group. In the case where the first oligomer comprises i) at least one polymerizable group selected from acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate, and ii) at least one polymerizable group selected from hydroxyl, epoxy, or oxetane, the one or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group and the optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers or polymers comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises i) at least one acrylate or methacrylate group, and ii) at least one epoxy group.

Throughout this patent application, when a polymerizable group is referred to as “epoxy” or “epoxy group,” it is intended to encompass, without limitation, epoxy, oxirane, oxiranyl, glycidyl, or cycloaliphatic epoxy groups.

Further optional components are particulate fillers that may or may not be able to (co)polymerize with the first network-forming component.

First Oligomer Component

The composition for forming a three-dimensional object comprises a first oligomer. The first oligomer comprises a backbone and a number average of at least 2 polymerizable groups per molecule. The backbone comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide. In an embodiment, the backbone comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A or hydrogenated Bisphenol A. In an embodiment, the backbone comprises a Bisphenol A polycarbonate. In an embodiment, the backbone comprises a mixture of two or more of a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide. In an embodiment, the backbone comprises an aromatic polycarbonate. In an embodiment, the backbone comprises an aromatic polyimide.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer has a Tg of at least 40° C., at least 45° C., at least 50° C., at least 55° C., at least 60° C., at least 65° C., or at least 70° C. In an embodiment, the Tg of the first oligomer is 150° C. or less, 125° C. or less, or 120° C. or less.

In an embodiment, the backbone further comprises a unit formed from a polyol. A polyol is an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups. In an embodiment, the polyol comprises a polyalkylene polyol or a polyalkylene oxide polyol. In an embodiment, the polyol comprises a polyethylene glycol, a polypropylene glycol, a polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO) polyol, a random or block polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide copolymer polyol, a random or block polytetramethylene oxide-polyethylene oxide copolymer polyol, a polycarbonate polyol, a hydroxyl-terminated silicone, a hydroxyalkyl-terminated silicone, a random or block silicone-polyethyleneoxide copolymer polyol, a polybutadiene polyol, a polyisobutylene polyol, a polybutylene oxide polyol, or a mixture thereof.

In an embodiment, the polyol comprises 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, pentamethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, octametnylene glycol, decamethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, hydrogenated bisphenol-A, ethoxylated bisphenol A, propoxylated bisphenol A, glycerol, 1,2,6-Hexanetriol, 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, pentane-1,2,3-triol, propane-1,1,1-triol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,1-cyclohexanedimethylol, cyclohexane-1,2,4-triol, cyclopropane-1,2,3-triol, benzenetriol, pentane-1,1,5,5-tetraol, hexane-1,2,5,6-tetraol, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene, butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol, [1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′,5,5′-tetraol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, phenyldiethanolamine, or a mixture thereof.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer further comprises the reaction product of a polyacid and a polyol. In an embodiment, the polyacid is an aliphatic polyacid or an aromatic polyacid. In an embodiment, the polyacid comprises a dicarboxylic acid represented by the general formula HOOC—Z—COOH wherein Z is aliphatic compound contains at least 2 carbon atoms. Such dicarboxylic acids include adipic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, octadecanedioic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, brassilic acid, dodecanedioic acid, glutaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, 6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid, 3,6-dichlorophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid, hexachloroendomethylenetetrahydrophthalic acid, endomethylenetetrahydrophthalic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, and trimellitic acid. In an embodiment, the further polyacid comprises phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, or terephthalic acid.

In an embodiment, at least 20 mol %, at least 30 mol %, at least 40 mol %, at least 50 mol %, at least 60 mol %, at least 70 mol %, at least 75 mol %, at least 80 mol %, at least 85 mol %, at least 90 mol %, at least 95 mol %, at least 98 mol %, or 100 mol % of the backbone of the first oligomer comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide. In an embodiment, at most 100 mol %, at most 98 mol %, at most 95 mol %, at most 90 mol %/, at most 80 mol %, at most 70 mol %, or at most 60 mol % of the backbone of the first oligomer comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide.

The first oligomer comprises polymerizable groups that comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate. In an embodiment, the polymerizable groups comprise acrylate or methacrylate. In an embodiment, the polymerizable groups comprise methacrylate. The polymerizable groups can be formed by, for example, reacting an OH group on the polymer with a di or higher order isocyanate, and then reacting a hydroxyl functional monomer comprising the desired polymerizable group with the isocyanate group on the polymer. For example, the hydroxyl functional monomer may be hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

In an embodiment, the polymerizable groups comprise endgroups. An endgroup is a group present at the terminus of a polymer. In an embodiment, the polymerizable groups are endgroups and there are no polymerizable groups that are not endgroups in the first oligomer.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a number average of 2.0, at least 2.1, at least 2.2, at least 2.3, at least 2.4, at least 2.5, at least 2.6, or at least 2.7 polymerizable groups per molecule. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a number average of at most 10, at most 9, at most 8, at most 7, at most 6, at most 5, at most 4.5, at most 4, at most 3.5, or at most 3 polymerizable groups per molecule. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises from 2.3-3 polymerizable groups. Generally, as the functionality of the first oligomer increases, the amount of the first oligomer in the composition may decrease.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer has a number average molecular weight of at least 800 g/mol, at least 900 g/mol, at least 1000 g/mol, at least 1100 g/mol, at least 1200 g/mol, at least 1300 g/mol, at least 1400 g/mol, or at least 1500 g/mol. In an embodiment, the first oligomer has a number average molecular weight of at most 10,000 g/mol, at most 9,000 g/mol, at most 8,000 g/mol, at most 7000 g/mol, at most 6,000 g/mol, at most 5,000 g/mol, at most 4,000 g/mol, or at most 3,000 g/mol.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer has a number average of from 2 to 3 polymerizable groups, and the amount, number average molecular weight, and number average of polymerizable groups of the first oligomer in the composition satisfies the following equation to tune the network density of the cured network:

${XMPa} \leq {3*R*T*\left\lbrack {{\left( {3 - f} \right)*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)} + {\left( {f - 2} \right)*3*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \leq {YMPa}$

wherein R is the gas constant 8.314 cm³ MPa K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, Tis 423.15 K, f is the number average of polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, p is the density of the first oligomer in g/cm³, M_(oligomer) is the number average molecular weight of the first oligomer in g/mol, and w_(oligomer) is the weight fraction of the first oligomer in the first network-forming component. In an embodiment, X is 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, or 20. In an embodiment, Y is 50, 45, or 40. In an embodiment, the first oligomer has a number average of from 2 to 3 endgroups, and the amount, number average molecular weight, and number average of endgroups of the first oligomer in the composition satisfies the above equation, and f is the number average of endgroups of the first oligomer.

It is possible that the first oligomer achieves a number average of from 2 to 3 polymerizable groups per molecule by a blend of first oligomers having different functionalities. For example, using 70 mol % of a first oligomer having a number average of 2.3 polymerizable groups per molecule and 30 mol % of a first oligomer having a number average of 4.0 polymerizable groups per molecule, is considered a first oligomer having a number average of 2.8 polymerizable groups per molecule. In this example, f in the above equation would be 2.8 and M_(oligomer) is calculated based on the mol % of each first oligomer.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in an amount of at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in an amount of at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent. In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in an amount of 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component. In an embodiment, the first oligomer is present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer is amorphous. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a blend of amorphous and semi-crystalline first oligomers. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a blend of amorphous, semi-crystalline, and crystalline first oligomers.

First Network Monomer and First Network Initiator

In addition to the first oligomer, the composition for forming a three-dimensional object via an additive fabrication process comprises one or more first network monomers and a first network initiator. Depending on the polymerizable group(s) of the first oligomer, the first network monomer and optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers may be free radically polymerizable compounds or cationically polymerizable compounds, and the first network initiator may be a free-radical initiator or a cationic initiator. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate and the first network monomer and optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers are free radically polymerizable compounds and the first network initiator is a free-radical initiator.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a number average of at least 2 acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, or fumarate groups per molecule, the one or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group and the optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers or polymers comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a number average of at least 2 vinyl ether groups per molecule, the one or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group and the optional one or more further first network monomers, oligomers or polymers comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups.

The polymerizable groups of the first network monomer are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer. The first network monomer has a number average of 0.95 to 1.1 polymerizable groups. In an embodiment the first network monomer has a number average of 0.95 polymerizable groups or more, 0.97 polymerizable groups or more, or 0.99 polymerizable groups or more. In an embodiment the first network monomer has a number average of 1.1 polymerizable groups or less, 1.08 polymerizable groups or less, 1.06 polymerizable groups or less, 1.04 polymerizable groups or less, or 1.02 polymerizable groups or less. In an embodiment, the first network monomer has a number average of 1.0 polymerizable groups.

A linear polymer formed from the one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 40° C. or more. In an embodiment, a linear polymer formed from the one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 50° C. or more, 60° C. or more, 65° C. or more, 70° C. or more, 75° C. or more, 80° C. or more, 85° C. or more, 90° C. or more, 95° C. or more, or 100° C. or more. In an embodiment, a linear polymer formed from the one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 150° C. or less, 130° C. or less, 125° C. or less, or 120° C. or less. It is possible that multiple first network monomers with different molecular formulas are present in the one or more first network monomers, some with a Tg of above the claimed amount and some with a Tg of below the claimed amount. A linear polymer is formed from all of the first network monomers together and the Tg of the linear polymer is measured to determine if the Tg is within the claimed range.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers has a molecular weight of 800 g/mol or less, 700 g/mol or less, 600 g/mol or less, 500 g/mol or less, 400 g/mol or less, 350 g/mol or less, 300 g/mol or less, 250 g/mol or less, or 200 g/mol or less. In an embodiment the one or more first network monomers has a molecular weight of 100 g/mol or more, or 150 g/mol or more.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate and the first network monomer comprises methyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxy ethyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxy propyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, acryloyl morpholine, dimethyl itaconate, N-vinyl pyrollidone, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl imidazole, or N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate and the first network monomer comprises cyclohexyl vinyl ether, 1,4,-cyclohexanedimethanol mono vinyl ether, tert-Butyl vinyl ether, phenyl vinyl ether, allyl phenyl ether, dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, or diethyl fumarate.

In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises a polymerizable group comprising hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, or vinyl ether and the one or more first network monomers comprise cyclohexene oxide, tert-butyl glycidyl ether, 4-chlorophenyl glycidyl ether, cyclopentene oxide, exo-2,3-Epoxynorbornane, 1,2-Epoxy phenoxypropane, (2,3-Epoxypropyl)benzene, N-(2,3-Epoxypropyl)phthalimide, exo-3,6-Epoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 3,4-Epoxytetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide, Furfuryl glycidyl ether, glycidyl 4-methoxyphenyl ether, glycidyl 2-methylphenyl ether, isophorone oxide, α-Pinene oxide, cis-stilbene oxide, styrene oxide, Methyl, Methyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate, 2-Ethylhexyl 7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane-3-carboxylatecarboxylate, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)oxymethyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybutyl)oxymethyloxetane, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, 1,4,-cyclohexanedimethanol mono vinyl ether, tert-Butyl vinyl ether, or phenyl vinyl ether.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent. In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component. In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component.

The first network initiator serves to initiate polymerization of the first oligomer, the one or more first network monomers, optionally, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers, and, optionally, the particulate filler comprising a polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer. In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators comprise a photo-initiator or a thermal initiator. In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators comprise a photo-initiator that initiates polymerization in response to UV light, visible light, or both UV light and visible light. In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators comprise a photo-initiator that initiates polymerization at a wavelength of from 300 to 470 nm. In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators comprise a photo-initiator that initiates polymerization at a wavelength of from 300 to 395 nm. In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators comprise a photo-initiator and a thermal initiator.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators comprise a thermal initiator. The thermal initiator may be used to further cure the composition during a thermal post-treatment of an article formed from the composition.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators are present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators are present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent. In an embodiment, the one or more first network monomers are present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators are present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component. In an embodiment, the one or more first network initiators are present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component.

Further First Network Monomer, Oligomer, or Polymer

Optionally, the composition comprises one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers having a number average of 2 or more polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer or the one or more first-network monomers.

In an embodiment, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers is present in an amount of at most 15 wt %, at most 12 wt %, at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, at most 4 wt %, at most 3 wt %, or at most 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers is present in an amount of at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, or at least 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers is present in an amount of at most 15 wt %, at most 12 wt %, at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, at most 4 wt %, at most 3 wt %, or at most 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent. In an embodiment, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers is present in an amount of at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, or at least 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers is present in an amount of at most 15 wt %, at most 12 wt %, at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, at most 4 wt %, at most 3 wt %, or at most 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component. In an embodiment, the one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers is present in an amount of at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, or at least 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component.

Optional Second Network-forming Component

Optionally, the composition comprises a second network-forming component. The second network-forming component comprises one or more second network compounds comprising polymerizable groups that do not (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, and a second network initiator for initiating the polymerization of the one or more second network compounds. In an embodiment, the first oligomer comprises polymerizable groups comprising acrylate, methacrylate, or itaconate, and the one or more second network compounds comprises polymerizable groups that comprise epoxy, oxetane, or hydroxyl.

In an embodiment, the second network-forming component is present in an amount of 5 wt % or more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment the second network-forming component is present in an amount of 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % or less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the composition is devoid of second network-forming component. In an embodiment, the composition is substantially devoid of second network-forming component.

In an embodiment, the second network-forming component is present in an amount of 5 wt % or more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the composition, excluding the weight of any solvent. In an embodiment the second network-forming component is present in an amount of 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % or less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the second network-forming component is present in an amount of 5 wt % or more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent and any components that do not comprise a polymerizable group. In an embodiment the second network-forming component is present in an amount of 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % or less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent and any components that do not comprise a polymerizable group.

In an embodiment, the one or more second network compounds are present in an amount of at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the one or more second network compounds are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the one or more second network compounds are present in an amount of at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent. In an embodiment, the one or more second network compounds are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the one or more second network compounds are present in an amount of at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 80 wt %, or at least 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the second network-forming component. In an embodiment, the one or more second network compounds are present in an amount of at most 99.9 wt %, at most 99.5 wt %, at most 99 wt %, at most 98 wt %, at most 97 wt %, at most 96 wt %, at most 95 wt %, at most 90 wt %, or at most 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the second network-forming component.

In an embodiment, the second network initiator comprises a photo-initiator or a thermal initiator. In an embodiment, the second network initiator comprises a photo-initiator that initiates polymerization in response to UV light, visible light, or both UV light and visible light. In an embodiment, the second network initiator comprises a photo-initiator and a thermal initiator.

In an embodiment, the second network initiator is present in an amount at least 0.01 wt %, at least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent. In an embodiment, the second network initiator is present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.

In an embodiment, the second network initiator is present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the second network-forming component. In an embodiment, the second network initiator is present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the second network-forming component.

Various components comprising polymerizable groups may be present in the composition. Below, various free radically polymerizable compounds and cationically polymerizable compounds are described. Depending on the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer and the number average of polymerizable groups of the compounds, these compounds may be first network monomers, further first network monomers, oligomers or polymers, or second network compounds comprising polymerizable groups.

Free Radically Polymerizable Compounds

In an embodiment, the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises at least one free radically polymerizable compound, that is, a component which undergoes polymerization initiated by free radicals. Free radically polymerizable compounds are monomers, oligomers, and/or polymers; they are monofunctional or polyfunctional materials, i.e., have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or more functional groups that can polymerize by free radical initiation, may contain aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, arylaliphatic, each of which may comprise one or more heteroatoms, or any combination thereof.

In accordance with an embodiment, the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises a component comprising at least one polymerizable (meth)acrylate group. Examples of components comprising at least one polymerizable (meth)acrylate group include acrylates and methacrylates such as isobornyl (meth)acrylate, bornyl (meth)acrylate, tricyclodecanyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentanyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, 4-butylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, acryloyl morpholine, (meth)acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, amyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, pentyl (meth)acrylate, caprolactone acrylate, isoamyl (meth)acrylate, hexyl (meth)acrylate, heptyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, nonyl (meth)acrylate, decyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, tridecyl (meth)acrylate, undecyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, tetradecyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, isostearyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, butoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, ethoxydiethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate, acetoacetoxy (meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, methoxypolyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, methoxypolypropylene glycol (meth)acrylate, diacetone (meth)acrylamide, beta-carboxyethyl (meth)acrylate, phthalic acid (meth)acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, butylcarbamylethyl (meth)acrylate, n-isopropyl (meth)acrylamide fluorinated (meth)acrylate, 7-amino-3,7-dimethyloctyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(phenylthio)ethyl acrylate, and nonyl phenol acrylate.

Examples of components comprising more than one (meth)acrylate group include those with (meth)acryloyl groups such as trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol (meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether di(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentadiene dimethanol di(meth)acrylate, [2-[1,1-dimethyl-2-[(1-oxoallyl)oxy]ethyl]-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]methyl acrylate; 3,9-bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane di(meth)acrylate; dipentaerythritol monohydroxypenta(meth)acrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, polybutanediol di(meth)acrylate, tripropyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol tri(meth)acrylate, phosphoric acid mono- and di(meth)acrylates, C₇-C₂₀ alkyl di(meth)acrylates, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate tri(meth)acrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)crylate, tricyclodecane diyl dimethyl di(meth)acrylate and alkoxylated versions (e.g., ethoxylated and/or propoxylated) of any of the preceding monomers, and also di(meth)acrylate of a diol which is an ethylene oxide or propylene oxide adduct to bisphenol A, di(meth)acrylate of a diol which is an ethylene oxide or propylene oxide adduct to hydrogenated bisphenol A, epoxy (meth)acrylate which is a (meth)acrylate adduct to bisphenol A of diglycidyl ether, diacrylate of polyoxyalkylated bisphenol A, and triethylene glycol divinyl ether, and adducts of hydroxyethyl acrylate.

In accordance with an embodiment, the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises all methacrylate groups, all acrylate groups, or any combination of methacrylate and acrylate groups.

In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound comprises bisphenol A diglycidyl ether di(meth)acrylate, ethoxylated or propoxylated bisphenol A or bisphenol F di(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentadiene dimethanol di(meth)acrylate, [2-[1,1-di methyl-2-[(1-oxoallyl)oxy]ethyl]-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]methyl acrylate, dipentaerythritol monohydroxypenta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)crylate, propoxylated tri methylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, or propoxylated neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound comprises an ester formed from itaconic acid, citraconic acid, or mesaconic acid. In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound is dimethyl itaconate.

In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound comprises a thiol-containing compound. In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound comprises an aliphatic thiol, more preferably a primary aliphatic thiol. In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound comprises an aromatic thiol. In an embodiment, the thiol-containing compound comprises an aliphatic thiol and comprises an α-mercapto acetate or β-mercapto propionate, or a derivative or mixture thereof. In an embodiment, the thiol-containing compound comprises dodecyl mercaptan or octyl mercaptan, In an embodiment, the free radically polymerizable compound comprises a dithioester, a thioether, a thione, a trithiocarbonate, such as dibenzyltrithiocarbonate, a dithiocarbamate, a xanthate, such as O-ethyl-S-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl dithiocarbonate [RSC(═S)—OC₂H₅ where R is —CH(CH₃)—C(═O)—OCH₃], or a mixture thereof.

Cationically Polymerizable Compounds

In an embodiment, the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises at least one cationically polymerizable compound, that is, a compound which undergoes cationic polymerization. The cationically polymerizable compound may be selected from the group consisting of cyclic ether compounds, cyclic acetal compounds, cyclic thioethers compounds, spiro-orthoester compounds, cyclic lactone compounds, and vinyl ether compounds, and any combination thereof. Of the cationically polymerizable groups that may be present in the composition, cycloaliphatic epoxy and oxetane groups generally have the fastest reactivity and are thus preferred for that reason.

Examples of cationically polymerizable compounds include cyclic ether compounds such as epoxy compounds, oxetane compounds, cyclic lactone compounds, cyclic acetal compounds, cyclic thioether compounds, spiro orthoester compounds, and vinylether compounds. Specific examples of cationically polymerizable compounds include bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, bisphenol S diglycidyl ether, brominated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, brominated bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, brominated bisphenol S diglycidyl ether, epoxy novolac resins, hydrogenated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, hydrogenated bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, hydrogenated bisphenol S diglycidyl ether, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy)-cyclohexane-1,4-dioxane, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate, vinylcyclohexene oxide, 4-vinylepoxycyclohexane, vinylcyclohexene dioxide, limonene oxide, limonene dioxide, bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl)adipate, 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexyl-3′,4′-epoxy-6′-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, ε-caprolactone-modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylates, tri methylcaprolactone-modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylates, β-methyl-δ-valerolactone-modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexcylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylates, methylenebis(3,4-epoxycyclohexane), bicyclohexyl-3,3′-epoxide, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) with a linkage of —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CBr₂—, —C(CBr₃)₂—, —C(CF₃)₂—, —C(CCl₃)₂—, or —CH(C₆H₅)—, dicyclopentadiene diepoxide, di(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl) ether of ethylene glycol, ethylenebis(3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate), epoxyhexahydrodioctylphthalate, epoxyhexahydro-di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether, neopentylglycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol triglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polyglycidyl ethers of polyether polyol obtained by the addition of one or more alkylene oxides to aliphatic polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol, diglycidyl esters of aliphatic long-chain dibasic acids, monoglycidyl ethers of aliphatic higher alcohols, monoglycidyl ethers of phenol, cresol, butyl phenol, or polyether alcohols obtained by the addition of alkylene oxide to these compounds, glycidyl esters of higher fatty acids, epoxidated soybean oil, epoxybutylstearic acid, epoxyoctylstearic acid, epoxidated linseed oil, epoxidated polybutadiene, 1,4-bis[(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethoxy)methyl]benzene, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)oxymethyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybutyl)oxymethyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-(5-hydroxypentyl)oxymethyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-phenoxymethyloxetane, bis((1-ethyl(3-oxetanyl))methyl)ether, 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethylhexyloxy)methyl)oxetane, 3-ethyl-((triethoxysilylpropoxymethyl)oxetane, 3-(meth)-allyloxymethyl-3-ethyloxetane, (3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethoxy)methylbenzene, 4-fluoro-[1-(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethoxy)methyl]benzene, 4-methoxy-[1-(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethoxy)methyl]-benzene, [1-(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl ether, isobutoxymethyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, 2-ethylhexyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, ethyldiethylene glycol(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, dicyclopentadiene (3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, dicyclopentenyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, tetrahydrofurfuyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, 2-hydroxyethyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, 2-hydroxypropyl(3-ethyl-3-oxetanylmethyl)ether, and any combination thereof.

Examples of polyfunctional materials that are cationically polymerizable include dendritic polymers such as dendrimers, linear dendritic polymers, dendrigraft polymers, hyperbranched polymers, star branched polymers, and hypergraft polymers with epoxy, oxetane, or hydroxyl functional groups. The dendritic polymers may contain one type of polymerizable functional group or different types of polymerizable functional groups, for example, epoxy and oxetane functions.

In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises a hydroxyl functional component comprising at least one primary OH group. In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises a hydroxyl functional component comprising two primary OH groups.

In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises a diol of number average molecular weight less than about 500 g/mol. In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises a diol of number average molecular weight less than about 400 g/mol. In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol or tripropylene glycol. In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises a polyol with three or more OH groups, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerol, or pentaerythritol.

In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable component comprises an alkoxylated polyol, such as ethoxylated or propoxylated versions of the polyols in the previous paragraph. However, alkoxylated polyols may have the effect of lowering the Tg of an article produced by polymerizing the composition, and should therefore be used with care. In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable component comprises an alkoxylated aromatic diol. In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable compound comprises a bisphenol A with ethoxylations and/or propoxylations. This bisphenol A may for example contain in total between about 1 and about 30 ethoxylations and/or propoxylations per hydroxyl group.

In an embodiment, the cationically polymerizable component comprises poly(propylene glycol) or copolymers thereof, poly(ethylene glycol) or copolymers thereof, poly(teramethylene oxide) or copolymers thereof, poly(butylene oxide) or copolymers thereof, hydroxyl-terminated poly(butadiene), poly(caprolactone) diols, poly(caprolactam)diols hydroxyl-terminated poly(acrylate), hydroxyl-terminated poly(ester), poly(carbonate) telechelic diols, poly(ether) telechelic diols, poly(urethane) telechelic diols, hydroxyl-terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) and copolymers thereof.

Various types of initiators may be present in the composition. Below, various free radical initiators and cationic initiators are described. Depending on the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, these initiators may be first network initiators or second network initiators.

Polymerization may be initiated by any suitable way, depending on the necessary initiation mechanism for the initiators. In an embodiment, polymerization is initiated via irradiation of the composition with light or heat. Preferably, the polymerizable composition is polymerized by applying UV or visible light. The radiation may be provided by a lamp, laser, LED, or other light sources.

Free-Radical Polymerization Initiator

In the case that the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises a free radically polymerizable compound, the respective first network-forming component or second network-forming component also comprises a free-radical polymerization initiator. Preferred examples of free-radical polymerization initiators are thermal initiators and photo-initiators. Preferably, the free-radical polymerization initiator comprises a free-radical photo-initiator.

In accordance with an embodiment, the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises at least one free-radical photo-initiator. In an embodiment, the free-radical photo-initiator is selected from the group consisting of benzoylphosphine oxides, aryl ketones, benzophenones, hydroxylated ketones, I-hydroxyphenyl ketones, ketals, metallocenes, and any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the first network-forming component or second network-forming component includes at least one free-radical photo-initiator selected from the group consisting of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phenyl, ethoxy phosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1,2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl) phenyl]-1-butanone, 2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-butan-1-one, 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl diphenyl sulphide, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone, and 4,4′-bis(N,N′-dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's ketone), benzophenone, 4-methyl benzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethyl benzophenone, dimethoxybenzophenone, I-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, phenyl (1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, 4-isopropylphenyl(1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone, oligo-[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone], camphorquinone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone, benzil dimethyl ketal, bis(eta 5-2-4-cyclopentadien-1-yl) bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) phenyl]titanium, and any combination thereof.

Further free-radical photo-initiators include: benzoylphosphine oxides, such as, for example, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide (Lucirin TPO from BASF) and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phenyl, ethoxy phosphine oxide (Lucirin TPO-L from BASF), bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide (Irgacure 819 or BAPO from Ciba), 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1 (Irgacure 907 from Ciba), 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl) phenyl]-1-butanone (Irgacure 369 from Ciba), 2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-butan-1-one (Irgacure 379 from Ciba), 4-benzoyl-4′-methyl diphenyl sulphide (Chivacure BMS from Chitec), 4,4′-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (Chivacure EMK from Chitec), 4,4′-bis(N,N′-dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's ketone), camphorquinone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (Chivacure EMK from Chitec), 4,4′-bis(N,N′-dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's ketone), bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide (Irgacure 819 or BAPO from Ciba), and metallocenes such as bis (eta 5-2-4-cyclopentadien-1-yl) bis [2,6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) phenyl]titanium (Irgacure 784 from Ciba), or a mixture thereof.

Examples of thermal free-radical polymerization initiators include, but are not limited to, azo compounds such as, for example, azo isobutyronitrile (AIBN), 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanenitrile), 1,1′-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane), C—C labile compounds, such as benzopinacole, peroxides, and mixtures thereof.

In an embodiment, the free-radical polymerization comprises a peroxide. Possibly suitable peroxides include organic and inorganic peroxides. In an embodiment, the thermal initiator is soluble in the composition.

Examples of peroxides include for example, percarbonates (of the formula —OC(O)O—), peroxyesters (of the formula —C(O)OO—), diacylperoxides, also known as peranhydride (of the formula —C(O)OOC(O)—), dialkylperoxides or perethers (of the formula —OO—), hydroperoxides (of the formula —OOH), etc. The peroxides may also be oligomeric or polymeric in nature.

The thermal free-radical polymerization initiator may for example comprise a percarbonate, a perester or a peranhydride. Peranhydrides are for example benzoylperoxide (BPO) and lauroyl peroxide (commercially available as Laurox™) Peresters are for instance t-butyl per benzoate and 2-ethylhexyl perlaurate. Percarbonates are for example di-t-butylpercarbonate and di-2-ethylhexylpercarbonate or monopercarbonates.

In an embodiment, the thermal free-radical polymerization initiator is an organic peroxide. Examples of organic peroxides are: tertiary alkyl hydroperoxides (such as, for instance, t-butyl hydroperoxide), other hydroperoxides (such as, for instance, cumene hydroperoxide), a ketone peroxide (perketones, being an addition product of hydrogen peroxide and a ketone, such as, for instance, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, methyl isobutylketone peroxide and acetylacetone peroxide), peroxyesters or peracids (such as, for instance, t-butyl peresters, benzoyl peroxide, peracetates and perbenzoates, lauroyl peroxide, including (di)peroxyesters, perethers (such as, for instance, peroxy diethyl ether).

In an embodiment, the thermal free-radical polymerization initiator comprises a peranhydride, for example benzoyl peroxide or lauroyl peroxide, peroxydicarbonate, for example di(4-t-butylcyclohexyl)-peroxydicarbonate, dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, or di myristylperoxydicarbonate.

Cationic Polymerization Initiator

In the case that the first network-forming component or second network-forming component comprises a free radically polymerizable compound, the respective first network-forming component or second network-forming component also comprises a cationic polymerization initiator. Preferred examples of cationic polymerization initiators are thermal initiators and photo-initiators. Preferably, the cationic polymerization initiator is a catonic photo-initiator. The cationic photo-initiator initiates cationic ring-opening polymerization upon irradiation with light.

In an embodiment, the cationic photo-initiator comprises a cation of onium salts, halonium salts, iodosyl salts, selenium salts, sulfonium salts, sulfoxonium salts, diazonium salts, metallocene salts, isoquinolinium salts, phosphonium salts, arsonium salts, tropylium salts, dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts, thiopyrilium salts, diaryl iodonium salts, triaryl sulfonium salts, ferrocenes, di(cyclopentadienyliron) arene salt compounds, and pyridinium salts, or any combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the cation of the cationic photo-initiator is selected from the group consisting of aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, metallocene based compounds, aromatic phosphonium salts, polymeric sulfonium salts, naphthyl-sulfonium salts, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the cationic photo-initiator is selected from the group consisting of triarylsulfonium salts, diaryliodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds, and any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the cationic photo-initiator has an anion selected from the group consisting of BF₄ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, [B(CF₃)₄]⁻, B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻, B[C₆H₃-3,5(CF₃)₂]₄ ⁻, B(C₆H₄CF₃)₄ ⁻, B(C₆H₃F₂)₄ ⁻, B[C₆F₄-4(CF₃)]₄ ⁻, Ga(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻, [(C₆F₅)₃B—C₃H₃N₂—B(C₆F₅)₃]⁻, [(C₆F₅)₃B—NH₂—B(C₆F₅)₃]⁻, tetrakis(3,5-difluoro-4-alkyloxyphenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-alkyloxyphenyl)borate, perfluoroalkylsulfonates, tris[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]methides, bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imides, perfluoroalkylphosphates, tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphates, bis(perfluoroalkyl)tetrafluorophosphates, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphates, and (CH₆B₁₁Br₆)⁻, (CH₆B₁₁Cl₆)⁻ and other halogenated carborane anions.

In an embodiment, the cationic photo-initiator has a cation selected from the group consisting of aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, and metallocene based compounds with at least an anion selected from the group consisting of SbF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻, [B(CF₃)₄]⁻, tetrakis(3,5-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)borate, perfluoroalkylsulfonates, perfluoroalkylphosphates, tris[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]methides, and [(C₂F₅)₃PF₃]⁻.

Examples of cationic photo-initiators useful for curing at 300-475 nm without a sensitizer include 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(3,5-difluoro-4-methyloxyphenyl)borate, 4-[4-(3-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methyloxyphenyl)borate, tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (Irgacure® PAG 290 from BASF), tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tris[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methide (Irgacure® GSID 26-1 from BASF), tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium hexafluorophosphate (Irgacure® 270 from BASF), and HS-1 available from San-Apro Ltd.

Preferred cationic photo-initiators include, either alone or in a mixture: bis[4-diphenylsulfoniumphenyl]sulfide bishexafluoroantimonate; thiophenoxyphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (available as Chivacure 1176 from Chitec), tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (Irgacure® PAG 290 from BASF), tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium tris[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methide (Irgacure® GSID 26-1 from BASF), and tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)thiophenyl)sulfonium hexafluorophosphate (Irgacure® 270 from BASF), [4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl](4-methylphenyl) iodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (available as Rhodorsil 2074 from Rhodia), 4-[4-(2-chlorobenzoyl)phenylthio]phenylbis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (as SP-172 from Adeka), SP-300 from Adeka, and aromatic sulfonium salts with anions of (PF_(6-m)(C_(n)F_(2n+1))_(m))⁻ where m is an integer from 1 to 5, and n is an integer from 1 to 4 (available as CPI-200K or CPI-200S, which are monovalent sulfonium salts from San-Apro Ltd., TK-1 available from San-Apro Ltd., or HS-1 available from San-Apro Ltd.).

Optional Particulate Filler

In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a particulate filler. Examples of particulate fillers include both organic and inorganic particulate fillers. The particulate filler may possess a surface functionality or not, the surface functionality comprising a polymerization group that is capable of (co)polymerization with the first network-forming component or second network-forming component. The particulate filler may be micro or nano-particles comprising organic particles, such as core-shell particles, inorganic particles, pigments, or plasticizers. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises an inorganic filler, such as SiO₂, AlO₂, TiO₂, ZnO₂, SnO₂, Am—SnO₂, ZrO₂, Sb—SnO₂, Al₂O₃, or carbon black. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises an organic filler, such as polyurethane particles, polystyrene particles, poly(methyl methacrylate) particles, polycarbonate particles, or core-shell particles.

In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the one or more second network compounds. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, oxetane, hydroxyl, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, oxetane, hydroxyl, or itaconate. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate or methacrylate. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group comprising epoxy, oxetane or hydroxyl.

In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises an impact modifier. Examples of impact modifiers are elastomer particles. In an embodiment, the impact modifying components, which can be dispersed into the composition, are elastomers based on copolymers of ethylene or propylene and one or more C₂ to C₁₂ α-olefin monomers.

Examples of such are ethylene/propylene copolymers or ethylene/propylene copolymers, optionally containing a third copolymerizable diene monomer (EPDM), such as 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, di-cyclooctadiene, methylene norbornene, ethylidene norbornene and tetrahydroindene; ethylene/α-olefin copolymers, such as ethylene-octene copolymers and ethylene/α-olefin/polyene copolymers.

In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises polybutadiene, polyisoprene, styrene/butadiene random copolymer, styrene/isoprene random copolymer, acrylic rubbers (e.g. polybutylacrylate), poly(hexamethylene carbonate).

Elastomer particles may be prepared by a variety of means, including by isolation from a latex made via emulsion polymerization. The average size of these elastomer particles is preferably between about 10 nm and about 10 μm. In an embodiment, the average size of the elastomer particles if from 10 nm to 1 μm.

Optionally, the elastomer may be modified to contain reactive groups that (co)polymerize with the first or second network-forming component. This modification can be introduced by reactive grafting or by copolymerization. Commercial examples of the latter are Lotader random ethylene/acrylate copolymers AX8840 (glycidyl methacrylate/GMA modified), AX8900 and AX8930 (GMA and maleic anhydride modified/MA) produced by Arkema.

Optionally, a shell may be present on the particles that can be introduced, e.g., via grafting or during a second stage of emulsion polymerization. Examples of such particles are core-shell impact modifier particles that contain a rubber core and a glassy shell. Examples of core materials are polybutadiene, polyisoprene, acrylic rubber (e.g. polybutylacrylate rubber), styrene/butadiene random copolymer, styrene/isoprene random copolymer, or polysiloxane. Examples of shell materials or graft copolymers are (co)polymers of vinyl aromatic compounds (e.g. styrene) and vinyl cyanides (e.g. acrylonitrile) or (meth)acrylates (e.g. MMA).

Optionally, polymerizable groups can be incorporated into the shell by copolymerization, such as copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate, or by treatment of the shell to form reactive functional groups.

Commercially available products of these core-shell type elastomer particles are Resinous Bond RKB (dispersions of core-shell particles in epoxy manufactured by Resinous Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.), Durastrength D400, Durastrength 400R (manufactured by Arkema Group), Paraloid EXL-2300 (non-functional shell), Paraloid EXL-2314 (epoxy functional shell), Paraloid EXL-2600, Paraloid EXL-3387 and Paraloid KM-365 (manufactured by Dow), Genioperl P53, Genioperl P23, Genioperl P22 (manufactured by Wacker Chemical), Kane Ace MX products (manufactured by Kaneka), and the like.

Other examples of such elastomer particles are crosslinked polyorganosiloxane rubbers that may include dialkylsiloxane repeating units, where “alkyl” is C₁-C₆ alkyl. The particles may be modified to include reactive groups, preferably on the surface of the particles.

Examples of polyorganosiloxane elastomer particles that are commercially available are Albidur EP 2240(A), Albidur EP 2640, Albidur VE 3320, Albidur EP 5340, Albidur EP 5640, and Albiflex 296 (dispersions of particles in epoxy or vinyl ether resins, Hanse Chemie, Germany), Genioperl M41C (dispersion in epoxy, Wacker Chemical), Chemisnow MX Series and MP Series (Soken Chemical and Engineering Co.).

In an embodiment, two different diameters of impact modifiers are used in a certain ratio. In an embodiment, the composition of impact modifiers is about a 7 to 1 ratio of diameter (e.g. 140 nm particles vs. a 20 nm particles) and about a 4 to 1 ratio of wt %. In another embodiment, the composition of impact modifiers is about a 5 to 1 ratio of diameter and about a 4 to 1 ratio of wt %. In another embodiment the composition of impact modifiers is about a 5 to 1 ratio of diameter and about a 6 to 1 ratio of wt %.

In an embodiment, the particulate filler is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % or more, 5 wt % or more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 30 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, or 50 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the composition. In an embodiment, the particulate filler is present in the composition in an amount of 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % or less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the composition.

Further Optional Components

Additional components that may be present in the composition include stabilizers, such as viscosity stabilizers or light stabilizers, UV absorbers, dyes, pigments, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, wetting agents, photosensitizers, defoamers, flame retardants, silane coupling agents, acid scavengers, accelerators for a thermal initiator, and/or bubble breakers.

In an embodiment, the polymerizable composition comprises a non-particulate impact modifier. In an embodiment, the non-particulate impact modifier comprises a block copolymer that is soluble in the composition or dispersed as micelles. In an embodiment, the block copolymer comprises ethylene/acrylate random copolymers and acrylic block copolymers, styrene/butadiene/(meth)acrylate (SBM) block-copolymers, styrene/butadiene block copolymer (styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS), styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer (SIS) and their hydrogenated versions, SEBS, SEPS), and (SIS) and ionomers.

Examples of commercial block copolymers are Kraton (SBS, SEBS, SIS, SEBS and SEPS) block copolymers produced by Shell, Nanostrength block copolymers E20, E40 (SBM type) and M22 (full-acrylic) as produced by Arkema, Lotryl ethyl/acrylate random copolymer (Arkema), Ethylene oxide-butylene oxide block copolymers produced by Olin Chemicals, and Surlyn ionomers (Dupont).

The non-particulate impact modifier may comprise a polymerizable group. In the case that the non-particulate impact modifier comprises a polymerizable group, the non-particulate impact modifier may be a further first network monomer, oligomer, or polymer or may be a second network compound, depending on the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer.

The composition may optionally comprise a solvent. A solvent does not have any polymerizable groups. The solvent may be a mixture of more than one solvent. Examples of solvents include alcohols, ketones, esters, or ethers; preferably an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or iso-propanol. In an embodiments, the composition comprises 50 wt % or less of solvent, based on the total weight of the composition, such as 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, 20 wt % or less, 10 wt % or less, 5 wt % or less, or 0 wt %.

Applications

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, an article may be formed by polymerizing the composition. In an embodiment, a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a tensile modulus as measured at 150° C. of from 3, from 5, from 7, from 10, from 15, or from 20 MPa to 50, to 45, or to 40 MPa. In an embodiment, a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a yield stress at 23° C. of from 50 to 90 MPa, and an elongation at break at 23° C. of greater than 3%, optionally in combination with the above tensile modulus as measured at 150° C. In an embodiment, a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more of the total polymerizable groups in the composition has a tensile modulus at 23° C. of from 2000 to 3500 MPa. Tensile modulus at 150° C. is determined by DMTA in accordance with ASTM D5026. Tensile modulus at 23° C., yield stress at 23° C., and elongation at break at 23° C. are determined according to ISO 37:2011 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Determination of tensile stress-strain properties.

The amount of the composition that is polymerized is determined using IR by the following method. Samples are measured on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum One equipped with a Universal ATR Sampling accessory. Peak heights are normalized to the carbonyl peak at 1727 cm⁻¹, or another peak that does not change. Conversion is calculated using the following formula: % conversion=((A₀−A_(t))/A₀)*100%, wherein A₀ is the normalized absorbance prior to cure and A_(t) is the normalized absorbance during curing. For example, conversion of acrylate bonds may be measured by following the decrease of IR absorbance peak at 810 cm⁻¹.

Preferred applications of the composition include additive fabrication processes. Additive fabrication processes, sometimes known as three-dimensional printing, utilize computer-aided design (CAD) data of an object to build three-dimensional objects. These three-dimensional objects may be formed from liquid resins, powders, or other materials. The CAD data is loaded into a computer that controls a machine that forms and binds layers of materials into desired shapes. The desired shapes correspond to portions of a three-dimensional object, such as individual cross-sections of the three-dimensional object. The desired shapes may be formed by selectively dispensing the composition, such as in an inkjet printing system, into the desired shape and then curing or melting the composition if necessary. Another way of forming the desired shapes is by selectively curing or melting the material into the desired shape out of a large bed or vat of material, such as in stereolithography or selective laser sintering.

In an embodiment, an article is formed by forming a layer from a first composition comprising the first oligomer and selectively dispensing a second composition comprising one or more first network monomers onto the first composition in accordance with the shape of a portion of a three-dimensional object. The one or more first network initiators may be present either in the layer of first oligomer, in the composition comprising the one or more first network monomers, or both. The composition comprising the one or more first network monomers may be selectively dispensed by jetting, for example by inkjet.

In an embodiment, a method of forming a three-dimensional object comprises the steps of forming a layer of the composition, curing the layer with radiation to form a desired shape, and repeating the steps of forming and curing a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. In an embodiment, a method of forming a three-dimensional object comprises the steps of selectively dispensing the composition, curing the composition with radiation to form a desired shape, and repeating the steps of selectively dispensing and curing a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. In an embodiment, a method of forming a three-dimensional object comprises the steps of forming a layer of the composition, selectively curing the layer with radiation to form a desired shape, and repeating the steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the composition a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object.

In an embodiment, the viscosity of the composition at 30° C. is 4000 cps or less, 3000 cps, or less, 2000 cps or less, 1500 cps or less, or 1200 cps or less. The viscosity of the composition at 30° C. is typically 300 cps or more.

In an embodiment, the composition is present as a liquid at the time that the polymerization reaction is initiated by the application of light or heat. In an embodiment, the liquid composition possesses a temperature of from 25° or more at the time that polymerization is initiated, such as 30° C. or more, 35° C. or more, 40° C. or more, or 45° C. or more. The temperature is typically 200° C. or less, such as 180° C. or less. In an embodiment, the temperature is 150° C. or less, 100° C. or less, 80° C. or less, or 50° C. or less.

In an embodiment, an article can be formed by first introducing the polymerizable composition into a mold or coating the polymerizable composition on a surface.

In an embodiment, the composition is present as separate parts in a kit of materials. The kit comprises a particulate sub-composition comprising the first oligomer, and a liquid sub-composition comprising the one or more first network monomers. The first network initiator may be present with either the first oligomer or the one or more first network monomers, or as a separate part of the kit.

In an embodiment, the particulate sub-composition or the liquid sub-composition further comprises an absorber. An absorber absorbs electromagnetic radiation. In an embodiment, the absorber absorbs one or more of infrared light, near infrared light, and visible light. The wavelengths that are absorbed by the by the absorber should overlap with the wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation. In an embodiment, the absorber is a pigment, a dye, metallic particles, or carbon black.

The particulate sub-composition may further comprise additives, such as dyes, pigments for coloration, or absorbers. In an embodiment, the particulate sub-composition further comprises a particulate filler. In an embodiment, the particulate filler comprises a polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer. In an embodiment, the particulate sub-composition has a mean particle diameter of from 10 to 100 μm as measured by laser diffraction in accordance with ISO13320 (2009). In an embodiment, the particulate sub-composition has a mean particle diameter of from 30 to 80 μm as measured by laser diffraction in accordance with ISO13320 (2009).

The liquid sub-composition may further comprise additives such as absorbers, reflectors, dyes, or pigments for coloration.

In an embodiment, the composition or liquid sub-composition further comprises a dispersing medium, such that certain components of the composition are dispersed in the dispersing medium. In an embodiment, at least the one or more first network monomers are dispersed in the dispersing medium. In an embodiment, at least one or more first network monomers and one or more first network initiators are dispersed in the dispersing medium. When present, the dispersing medium is typically present in an amount of from 20 to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition, or from 20 to 80 wt % based on the liquid sub-composition. The dispersing medium is a non-solvent, preferably water. When water is the dispersing medium, it is preferred that no cationically curable components are present in the composition. In an embodiment, the composition comprises 50 wt % or more of water, based on the total weight of the composition. An article or coating may be formed by forming a layer of the composition, if necessary evaporating the dispersing medium, and polymerizing the composition.

Some potential applications of articles disclosed herein include as molded articles, shoe soles, eyeglasses, three-dimensional objects formed by additive fabrication processes, coatings for optical fibers, medical devices or coatings on medical devices, other coatings, and paints.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to further elucidate the present inventions, but should in no way be seen as limiting their scope.

Synthesis of First Oligomer Comprising a Backbone Comprising a Polyepoxide Based on Bisphenol A

A 1 liter jacketed reactor vessel equipped with a stirrer, condenser, and dosing point, and an aeration needle was filled with Bisphenol A epoxy resin and toluene. The vessel was heated until the mixture reached 100° C. after which methylhydroquinone was added together with the first 5 ml of methacrylic acid to acidify the mixture. After this Triphenylphosphine was added and the temperature increased to 130° C., causing the toluene to reflux. Upon reflux of toluene, the remaining methacrylic acid was added within 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was left stirring overnight at 130° C. After 10 hours reaction a sample was taken to check the acid and epoxy value. 3 ml additional methacrylic acid was added and the reaction was continued for another two hours at reflux before lowering the temperature to 110° C. The condenser was exchanged for a distillation condenser equipped with a collection flask. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was added and toluene was removed at 110° C. using flow of the aeration needle over the course of two hours. The temperature inside the condenser reached 60-70° C. After two hours the temperature was shortly (20 minutes) increased to 135° C. before stopping the reaction. At the end 0.2 g Trimethylhydroquinone was added and the product was transferred to aluminum cans.

The amounts of each component used in the above procedure is shown in the following Table 0.1.

TABLE 0.1 First Oligomer Reaction Composition (NBK-015217-018) Amount Amount Material [g] [mmol] Bisphenol A epoxy 500.5 279.3 resin (Mn:1792 g/mol) Methacrylic acid 48.1 558.6 Triphenylphosphine 0.855 2.5 Methylhydroquinone 0.314 3.3 Trimethylhydroquinone 0.2 1.3 Toluene 348 3777 HEMA 400 3074 Conversion and solid content was measured by NMR and shown in the below Table 0.2.

TABLE 0.2 Details final product Conversion 95% Solid content 54%

Acid Value (AV) and Epoxy Value Measurement

The acid (AV) and epoxy values of the vinylester resins (VR), were determined via H-NMR and titrimetrically according to ISO 2114-2000 and ISO 4629-1978. All conversion levels were derived from NMR, final product had no detectable AV (<1) and an epoxy conversion of >95%.

DMTA

Samples with a width of approximately 2 mm are punched out of the cured films. The thickness is measured with a calibrated Heidenhain thickness meter. The dynamic mechanical analyses are carried out in accordance with ASTM D5026 using a RSA-G2 test system at a frequency of 1 Hz and over a temperature ranging from −100° C. to 200° C. with a heating rate of 5° C./min. During the measurements, the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″) and tangent delta (tan δ) are determined as a function of temperature.

Tensile Tests

Tensile properties are measured according to the international standard ISO 37 (3^(rd) Edition 1994-05-15) “Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Determination of tensile stress-strain properties” on a Zwick digital tensile machine type Z010. The parameters of the tensile test are shown in Table 0.3.

TABLE 0.3 Tensile Test Machine Parameters Machine Zwick Z010 table 2 Control & analysis Zwick software, TestXpert II Load-cell 2.5 kN loadcell Displacement MultiXtense Grips fixture 1 kN pneumatic grips E-modulus speed 1 mm/min Modulus determination strain between 0.05 and 0.25% Test speed tensile 5 mm/min Grip-to grip distance 54 mm L0 25 mm Pre-load 0.5 N Tensile standard ISO 527 Tensile specimen type 1BA

Examples 1-7

The first oligomer formed above in HEMA is added into a UV-protected vial with a PTFE lined screw cap. Chain Transfer Agent (CTA) and Photo Initiator are added next. The mixture is put on a roller bench overnight to homogenize.

The first oligomer was as formed above, the CTA is Trimethylolpropane mercaptopropionate (TMPMP: trifunctional Thiol) or N-butyl mercaptopropionate (N-BuMP: monofunctional Thiol). The photo-initiator was Darocur® 1173. The formed compositions are shown in Table 1.1, below:

TABLE 1.1 Composition of Examples 1-6 First Photo- Oligomer HEMA CTA Molar ratio initiator Example wt % wt % CTA wt % methacrylate:thiol wt % Ex. 1 51.3 43.7 N-BuMP 4.7% 13.3 0.2 Ex. 2 53.9 45.9 None  0% N/A 0.2 Ex. 3 49.8 42.5 TMPMP 7.5% 6.7 0.2 Ex. 4 51.8 44.1 TMPMP 3.9% 13.3 0.2 Ex. 5 52.8 45.0 TMPMP 2.0% 26.6 0.2 Ex. 5 52.8 45.0 TMPMP 2.0% 26.6 0.2 RT Ex. 6 53.6 45.7 TMPMP 0.5% 106.3 0.2

A mold was prepared by using two 10×15 cm glass plates spaced with a 2 mm U-shaped EPDM gasket. The glass plates are treated twice with Frekote NC-55 and baked at 80° C. for 4 min. The formulation is heated to lower viscosity and poured into the casting using tape to funnel the viscous resin.

All samples except for Ex. 5 RT are heated to 90° C. prior to UV-exposure. Ex. 5 RT was cured at room temperature.

The samples are cured under a Vilber Lourmat VL-215.L lamp having an intensity of 3-4 mW/cm² at 7 cm distance (measured using a Silverline Intensometer). Cure shrinkage was in all cases observed within 5 min. After 1 hour curing, the UV-lamp is switched off and all samples are postcured for 1 hour in an oven set to 80° C. The samples are demolded, milled to standard 1 BA tensile bars and tested in tensile. The remainder of material is used for DMTA. DMTA results are shown in Table 1.2, below.

TABLE 1.2 Example 1-6 DMTA Results E′ E′ E′ E′ E′ (−40° C.) (23° C.) (100° C.) (150° C.) (200° C.) Tg Sample (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (° C.) Ex. 1 3342 2336 4 2 2 52 Ex. 2 3211 1287 71 3 3 60 Ex. 3 3803 2734 7 3 3 57 Ex. 4 4377 3289 12 3 4 70 Ex. 5 4621 3537 78 4 5 82 Ex. 5 3775 2794 26 3 3 73 RT Ex. 6 3379 2379 69 3 4 64

Examples 7-12

To check the effect of different reactive diluents part of the final reaction mixture, six additional samples were prepared whereby for each, toluene was kept aside. Solvent exchange was performed using the appropriate amount of Reactive diluent and evaporating of the remaining toluene on a rotavap (40 mbar, 80° C.). The compositions of each of Examples 7-12 appear in table 1.3 below.

TABLE 1.3 Composition of Examples 7-12 First Photo Oligomer Monomer Monomer CTA Molar ratio initiator Sample wt % wt % type CTA wt % Methacrylate:thiol wt % Ex. 7 44.0% 55.5% HEMA None  0% N/A 0.5% Ex. 8 43.2% 54.6% HEMA TMPMP 1.7% 34.3 0.5% Ex. 9 42.2% 55.4% BenzylMA TMPMP 2.1% 23.8 0.3% Ex. 10 43.1% 56.6% BenzylMA None N/A N/A 0.3% Ex. 11 40.4% 57.3% THFMA TMPMP 2.1% 25.1 0.3% Ex. 12 41.2% 58.5% THFMA None  0% N/A 0.3% Next, the RT cure conditions of Examples 7-12 was evaluated by creating films of each material. The films were made with a doctor blade (500 μm) on pre-treated glass and then cured on a Fusion UV-rig equipped with nitrogen flow and D-bulb type of UV-source (doped mercury lamp). Total UV-dose approx. ˜16 J/cm2 at 6.4 W/cm2 (sum of UVA, UVB). Additionally, the samples were thermally postcured at 80° C. for 1 hour after UV-exposure. This occasionally results in undercured samples (Examples 7 and 8). To ensure complete conversion of the materials, rest of samples were post cured at 100° C. for two hours prior to measuring the mechanical properties which results in complete conversion. DMTA results for the resulting materials are shown in Table 1.4, below.

TABLE 1.4 Example 7-12 DMTA Results E′ E′ E′ E′ E′ (−40° C.) (23° C.) (100° C.) (150° C.) (200° C.) Tg Sample (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (° C.) Ex. 7 4355 3216 53 4 4 75 Ex. 8 4102 2969 24 3 3 74 Ex. 9 3069 1383 2 2 2 26 Ex. 10 3589 2795 6 5 5 71 Ex. 11 3608 1289 2 2 3 22 Ex. 12 3618 2759 7 5 6 67

Synthesis of Second Oligomer

Next, a second resin type was prepared using synthesis analogous to the first (NBK-015217-018 reaction composition), with the only difference being the utilization of a higher excess Methacrylic acid during synthesis. This resin is based on a shorter Bisphenol A epoxy resin. The amounts of each component used in the above procedure is shown in the following Table 0.4.

TABLE 0.4 Second Oligomer Reaction Composition (NBK-001322-174) Amount Amount Material [g] [mmol] Bisphenol A epoxy 509.31 344.9 resin (Mn: 1477) Methacrylic acid 100.83 1171.2 Triphenylphosphine 1.00 3.8 Methylhydroquinone 0.828 6.7 Trimethylhydroquinone 0.156 1.0 Toluene 379.11 4114.5 HEMA 144.3 1108.8 Conversion and solid content was measured by NMR and shown in the below Table 0.5.

TABLE 0.5 Details final product Conversion 95% Solid content 72%

Examples 13-20 Formulation

For the following examples, the second oligomer was utilized in combination with a HEMA monomer and added into a UV-protected vial with a PTFE lined screw cap. Chain Transfer Agent (CTA) and Photo Initiator (Darocure1173) are added next. The mixture is put on a roller bench overnight to homogenize. The compositional information is depicted in Table 1.5 below:

TABLE 1.5 Compositions of Examples 13-20 Second Photo Oligomer Monomer CTAwt Molar ratio initiator Sample wt % wt % CTA % Methacrylate:thiol wt % Ex. 13 71.8% 27.9% N/A N/A N/A 0.3% Ex. 14 70.4% 27.4% TMPMP 2.0% 19.9 0.3% Ex. 15 56.1% 43.6% N/A 0.0% N/A 0.3% Ex. 16 55.0% 42.7% TMPMP 2.0% 25.9 0.3% Ex. 17 71.8% 27.9% N/A 0.0% N/A 0.3% Ex. 18 52.7% 45.0% TMPMP 2.0% 26.6 0.3% Ex. 19 53.2% 46.5% N/A 0.0% N/A 0.3% Ex. 20 70.4% 27.4% TMPMP 2.0% 19.9 0.3% Examples 13-16 were prepared as castings (described below), whereas Examples 17-20 were prepared via the film method (described below).

Castings Method

Castings were prepared by using two 10×15 cm glass plates spaced with a 2 mm U-shaped EPDM gasket. Glass plates were treated twice with Frekote NC-55 and “baked” at 80° C. for 4 min. Formulation was heated to lower viscosity and poured into the casting using tape to funnel the viscous resin.

UV-light was cured under a Vilber Lourmat VL-215.L lamp having an intensity of 3-4 mW/cm² @ 7 cm distance (measured using a Silverline Intensometer). Cure shrinkage was in all cases observed within 5 min. After 1 hour curing, UV-lamp was switched of and all samples were post cured for 2 hours in an oven set to 100° C. Samples were demolded and handed in to measure DMTA.

Film Method

RT cure conditions: The films were made with a doctor blade (500 μm) on pre-treated glass and then cured on a Fusion UV-rig equipped with nitrogen flow and D-bulb type of UV-source (doped mercury lamp). Total UV-dose approx. ˜16 J/cm² at 6.4 W/cm² (sum of UVA, UVB). A summary of the DMTA results for the resulting materials are shown in Table 1.6, below.

TABLE 1.6 Example 13-20 DMTA Results E′_(T=−40° C.) E′_(T=23° C.) E′_(T=100° C.) E′_(T=150° C.) E′_(T=200° C.) Tg Description (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (° C.) Ex. 13 3927 2897 8 3 4 49 Ex. 14 3773 2977 23 5 6 76 Ex. 15 4024 2994 79 5 6 75 Ex. 16 4023 3013 50 5 5 81 Ex. 17 DMTA of sample could not be determined due to brittleness of material Ex. 18 3651 2570 40 4 4 78 Ex. 19 3869 2808 177 5 5 84 Ex. 20 2785 2117 20 3 4 78 The effect of using a shorter oligomer is illustrated in Table 1.7 below, which compares directly the DMTA data of Examples 18 and Example 5 RT.

TABLE 1.7 Comparison of DMTA Results between Ex. 18 and Ex. 5 RT E′_(T=−40° C.) E′_(T=23° C.) E′_(T=100° C.) E′_(T=150° C.) E′_(T=200° C.) Tg Description (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (° C.) Ex. 18 3651 2570 40 4 4 78 Ex. 5 3775 2794 26 3 3 73 RT

Supplementary Description of Certain Exemplary Embodiments

-   -   1) A composition for forming a three-dimensional object via an         additive fabrication process comprising:         -   a. from 30 to 100 wt %, based on the total weight of the             composition, of a first network-forming component consisting             of:             -   i. from 19.95 to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of                 the first network-forming component, of a first oligomer                 comprising a backbone comprising a polyepoxide based on                 Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on                 hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a                 polyimide, and having a number average of at least 2                 polymerizable groups, wherein the polymerizable groups                 comprise acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether,                 allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate, and wherein the first                 oligomer has a number average molecular weight of from                 800 to 10000 g/mol and a Tg of 40° C. or more;             -   ii. from 19.95 to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of                 the network-forming component, of one or more first                 network monomers having a number average of 0.95 to 1.1                 polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize                 with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer,                 wherein a linear polymer formed from the one or more                 first network monomers has a Tg of 40° C. or more;             -   iii. from 0.05 to 5 wt %, based on the total weight of                 the first network-forming component, of one or more                 first network initiators capable of initiating the                 polymerization of the first oligomer and the first                 network monomer; and             -   iv. optionally, up to 15 wt % of one or more further                 first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers having a                 number average of 2 or more polymerizable groups that                 are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups                 of the first oligomer or the one or more first-network                 monomers;         -   b. optionally, a second network-forming component comprising             one or more second network compounds comprising             polymerizable groups that do not (co)polymerize with the             polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, and a second             network initiator for initiating the polymerization of the             one or more second network compounds; and         -   c. optionally, a particulate filler comprising a             polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with the             polymerizable groups of the first oligomer.     -   2) A kit of materials comprising a particulate sub-composition         and a liquid sub-composition, which when combined forms a         composition for forming an object by an additive fabrication         process that comprises a first-network forming component         comprising polymerizable groups, and optionally a second         network-forming component that does not (co)polymerize with the         polymerizable groups of the first-network forming component, the         kit comprising:         -   a. a particulate sub-composition comprising:             -   i. from 19.95 to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of                 the first network-forming component, of a first oligomer                 comprising a backbone comprising a polyepoxide based on                 Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on                 hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a                 polyimide, and having a number average of at least 2                 polymerizable groups, wherein the polymerizable groups                 comprise acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether,                 allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate, and wherein the first                 oligomer has a number average molecular weight of from                 800 to 10000 g/mol and a Tg of 40° C. or more;             -   ii. optionally, a particulate filler comprising a                 polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with                 the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer;         -   b. a liquid sub-composition comprising:             -   i. from 19.95 to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of                 the network-forming component, of one or more first                 network monomers having a number average of 0.95 to 1.1                 polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize                 with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer,                 wherein a linear polymer formed from the one or more                 first network monomers has a Tg of 40° C. or more;             -   ii. optionally, up to 15 wt % of one or more further                 first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers having a                 number average of 2 or more polymerizable groups that                 are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups                 of the first oligomer or the one or more first-network                 monomers;         -   c. from 0.05 to 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the             first network-forming component, of one or more first             network initiators capable of initiating the polymerization             of the first oligomer and the first network monomer, wherein             the one or more first network initiators may be present in             the particulate sub-composition, the liquid sub-composition,             or both; and         -   d. optionally, a second network-forming component comprising             one or more second network compounds comprising             polymerizable groups that do not (co)polymerize with the             polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, and a second             network initiator for initiating the polymerization of the             one or more second network compounds, wherein the             substituents of the second network-forming component may be             present in the particulate sub-composition, the liquid             sub-composition, or partially in the particulate             sub-composition and partially in the liquid sub-composition.     -   3) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component consists of the first oligomer, the one or more first         network monomers, the one or more first network initiators, and,         optionally, up to 15 wt % of the further first network monomer,         oligomer, or polymer.     -   4) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component consists of the first oligomer, the one or more first         network monomers, and the one or more first network initiators.     -   5) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is soluble in         the one or more first network monomers.     -   6) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component is present in an amount of 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or         more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt %         or more, 60 wt % or more, 70 wt % or more, 80 wt % or more, 90         wt % or more, 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition.     -   7) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component is present in an amount of 100 wt % or less, 90 wt %         or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, or 60 wt % or less,         based on the total weight of the composition.     -   8) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component is present in an amount of 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or         more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt %         or more, 60 wt % or more, 70 wt % or more, 80 wt % or more, 90         wt % or more, 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition, excluding the weight of any solvent.     -   9) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component is present in an amount of 100 wt % or less, 90 wt %         or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, or 60 wt % or less,         based on the total weight of the composition, excluding the         weight of any solvent.     -   10) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component is present in an amount of 20 wt % or more, 25 wt % or         more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50 wt %         or more, 60 wt % or more, 70 wt % or more, 80 wt % or more, 90         wt % or more, 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition excluding the weight of any solvent         and the weight of any components that do not comprise a         polymerizable group (e.g. a non-reactive particulate filler).     -   11) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network-forming         component is present in an amount of 100 wt % or less, 90 wt %         or less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, or 60 wt % or less,         based on the total weight of the composition excluding the         weight of any solvent and the weight of any components that do         not comprise a polymerizable group (e.g. a non-reactive         particulate filler).     -   12) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present.     -   13) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is linear.     -   14) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is branched.     -   15) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a         polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A or hydrogenated Bisphenol A.     -   16) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a         Bisphenol A polycarbonate.     -   17) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a mixture         of two or more of a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polycarbonate, or a polyimide.     -   18) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises an         aromatic polycarbonate.     -   19) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises an         aromatic polyimide.     -   20) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a unit         formed from a polyol and the polyol is an aliphatic polyol or an         aromatic polyol.     -   21) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a unit         formed from a polyol and the polyol has at least 2, at least 3,         at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 hydroxyl groups.     -   22) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a unit         formed from a polyol and the polyol has at most 2, at most 3, at         most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 8, or at most 10 hydroxyl         groups.     -   23) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the Tg of the first oligomer is         at least 45° C., at least 50° C., at least 55° C., at least 60°         C., at least 65° C., or at least 70° C.     -   24) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the Tg of the first oligomer is         150° C. or less, 125° C. or less, or 120° C. or less.     -   25) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the backbone comprises a unit         formed from a polyol and the polyol comprises a polyalkylene         polyol.     -   26) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises the         reaction product of a polyacid and a polyol.     -   27) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises the         reaction product of a polyacid and a polyol, and the polyacid         comprises terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, or isophthalic acid.     -   28) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises the         reaction product of a polyacid and a polyol and the polyacid         comprises adipic acid, sebacic acid, octadecanedioic acid,         pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, brassilic acid,         dodecanedioic acid, glutaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,         6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid,         3,6-dichlorophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid,         tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid,         hexachloroendomethylenetetrahydrophthalic acid,         endomethylenetetrahydrophthalic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid,         succinic acid, or trimellitic acid.     -   29) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein at least 20 mol %, at least 30         mol %, at least 40 mol %, at least 50 mol %, at least 60 mol %,         at least 70 mol %, at least 75 mol %, at least 80 mol %, at         least 85 mol %, at least 90 mol %, at least 95 mol %, at least         98 mol %, or 100 mol % of the backbone of the first oligomer         comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polycarbonate, or a polyimide.     -   30) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein at most 100 mol %, at most 98 mol         %, at most 95 mol %, at most 90 mol %, at most 80 mol %, at most         70 mol %, or at most 60 mol % of the backbone of the first         oligomer comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S,         a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polycarbonate, or a polyimide.     -   31) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein at least 20 mol %, at least 30         mol %, at least 40 mol %, at least 50 mol %, at least 60 mol %,         at least 70 mol %, at least 75 mol %, at least 80 mol %, at         least 85 mol %, at least 90 mol %, at least 95 mol %, at least         98 mol %, or 100 mol % of the backbone of the first oligomer         comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polycarbonate, or a polyimide.     -   32) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein at most 100 mol %, at most 98 mol         %, at most 95 mol %, at most 90 mol %, at most 80 mol %, at most         70 mol %, or at most 60 mol % of the backbone of the first         oligomer comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S,         a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a         polycarbonate, or a polyimide.     -   33) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups comprise acrylate, methacrylate, or         itaconate.     -   34) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups consist of acrylate, methacrylate, or         itaconate.     -   35) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups comprise acrylate or methacrylate.     -   36) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups consist of acrylate or methacrylate.     -   37) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups comprise methacrylate.     -   38) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups consist of methacrylate.     -   39) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups comprise endgroups.     -   40) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups consist of endgroups.     -   41) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the         polymerizable groups consist of endgroups and there are no         polymerizable groups that are not endgroups in the first         oligomer.     -   42) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at least 2.0, at least 2.1, at least 2.2, at least         2.3, at least 2.4, at least 2.5, at least 2.6, or at least 2.7         polymerizable groups per molecule.     -   43) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of at most 10, at most 9, at most 8, at most 7, at most         6, at most 5, at most 4.5, at most 4, at most 3.5, or at most 3         polymerizable groups per molecule.     -   44) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average molecular weight of at least 800 g/mol, at least 900         g/mol, at least 1000 g/mol, at least 1100 g/mol, at least 1200         g/mol, at least 1300 g/mol, at least 1400 g/mol, or at least         1500 g/mol.     -   45) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average molecular weight of at most 10,000 g/mol, at most 9,000         g/mol, at most 8,000 g/mol, at most 7000 g/mol, at most 6,000         g/mol, at most 5,000 g/mol, at most 4,000 g/mol, or at most         3,000 g/mol.     -   46) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of from 2 to 3 polymerizable groups, and the amount,         number average molecular weight, and number average of         polymerizable groups of the first oligomer in the composition         satisfies the following equation:

${XMPa} \leq {3*R*T*\left\lbrack {{\left( {3 - f} \right)*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)} + {\left( {f - 2} \right)*3*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \leq {YMPa}$

wherein R is the gas constant 8.314 cm³ MPa K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, Tis 423.15 K, f is the number average of polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, p is the density of the first oligomer in g/cm³, M_(oligomer) is the number average molecular weight of the first oligomer in g/mol, and w_(oligomer) is the weight fraction of the first oligomer in the first network-forming component, X is 3, and Y is 50.

-   -   47) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer has a number         average of from 2 to 3 polymerizable groups, and the amount,         number average molecular weight, and number average of         polymerizable groups of the first oligomer in the composition         satisfies the following equation:

${XMPa} \leq {3*R*T*\left\lbrack {{\left( {3 - f} \right)*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)} + {\left( {f - 2} \right)*3*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \leq {YMPa}$

wherein R is the gas constant 8.314 cm³ MPa K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, Tis 423.15 K, f is the number average of polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, p is the density of the first oligomer in g/cm³, M_(oligomer) is the number average molecular weight of the first oligomer in g/mol, and w_(oligomer) is the weight fraction of the first oligomer in the first network-forming component, X is 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 or 20, and Y is 50, 45, or 40.

-   -   48) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is present in         an amount of at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt         %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at         least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60         wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition.     -   49) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is present in         an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %,         at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt         %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition.     -   50) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is present in         an amount of at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt         %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at         least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60         wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition excluding any solvent.     -   51) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is present in         an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %,         at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt         %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total         weight of the composition excluding any solvent.     -   52) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is present in         an amount of at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25         wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at         least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on         the total weight of the first network-forming component.     -   53) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is present in         an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %,         at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt         %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %, based on the total         weight of the first network-forming component.     -   54) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate,         itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate and the first         network monomer and optional further first network monomer,         oligomer, or polymer are free radically polymerizable compounds         and the first network initiator is a free-radical initiator.     -   55) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         number average of at least 2 acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate,         allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups per molecule, the one         or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate,         methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or         fumarate group and the optional further first network monomer,         oligomer or polymer comprises a number average of 2 or more         acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, or         fumarate groups.     -   56) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         number average of at least 2 vinyl ether groups per molecule,         the one or more first network monomers comprise an acrylate,         methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether,         allyl ether, or fumarate group and the optional further first         network monomer, oligomer or polymer comprises a number average         of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy,         oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups.     -   57) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network initiator is a         free-radical photo-initiator.     -   58) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network initiator is a         cationic photo-initiator.     -   59) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer is amorphous.     -   60) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         blend of amorphous and semi-crystalline first oligomers.     -   61) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         blend of amorphous, semi-crystalline, and crystalline first         oligomers.     -   62) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         blend of at least two different first oligomers, wherein a first         oligomer has a number average of more than three polymerizable         groups per molecule, wherein a second first oligomer has a         number average of less than three polymerizable groups per         molecule, and wherein the number average polymerizable groups         per molecule of the first oligomer is from two to three         polymerizable groups per molecule.     -   63) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises at         least one acrylate group and at least one methacrylate group.     -   64) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises i)         at least one acrylate or methacrylate group, and ii) at least         one epoxy group, the one or more first network monomers comprise         an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane,         vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group and the         optional further first network monomer, oligomer or polymer         comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate, methacrylate,         itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether,         maleate, or fumarate groups.     -   65) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises i)         at least one polymerizable group selected from acrylate,         methacrylate, itaconate, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate,         and ii) at least one polymerizable group selected from hydroxyl,         epoxy, or oxetane, the one or more first network monomers         comprise an acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy,         oxetane, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate group         and the optional further first network monomer, oligomer or         polymer comprises a number average of 2 or more acrylate,         methacrylate, itaconate, hydroxyl, epoxy, oxetane, vinyl ether,         allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate groups.     -   66) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer does not         comprise a hydroxyl, epoxy, or oxetane group.     -   67) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network monomer has a         number average of 0.95 polymerizable groups or more, 0.97         polymerizable groups or more, or 0.99 polymerizable groups or         more.     -   68) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first network monomer has a         number average of 1.1 polymerizable groups or less, 1.08         polymerizable groups or less, 1.06 polymerizable groups or less,         1.04 polymerizable groups or less, or 1.02 polymerizable groups         or less. In an embodiment, the first network monomer has a         number average of 1.0 polymerizable groups.     -   69) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein a linear polymer formed from the         one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 50° C. or more,         60° C. or more, 65° C. or more, 70° C. or more, 75° C. or more,         80° C. or more, 85° C. or more, 90° C. or more, 95° C. or more,         or 100° C. or more.     -   70) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein a linear polymer formed from the         one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 150° C. or less,         130° C. or less, 125° C. or less, or 120° C. or less.     -   71) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers has a molecular weight of 800 g/mol or less, 700 g/mol         or less, 600 g/mol or less, 500 g/mol or less, 400 g/mol or         less, 350 g/mol or less, 300 g/mol or less, 250 g/mol or less,         or 200 g/mol or less.     -   72) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers has a molecular weight of 100 g/mol or more, or 150         g/mol or more.     -   73) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate,         itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, or fumarate and the first         network monomer comprises methyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxy ethyl         (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate,         isopropyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl         (meth)acrylate, hydroxy propyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl         (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate,         isobornyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, acryloyl         morpholine, dimethyl itaconate, N-vinyl pyrollidone, N-vinyl         caprolactam, N-vinyl imidazole, or N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide.     -   74) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises a         polymerizable group comprising acrylate, methacrylate,         itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, or fumarate and the first         network monomer comprises cyclohexyl vinyl ether,         1,4,-cyclohexanedimethanol mono vinyl ether, tert-Butyl vinyl         ether, phenyl vinyl ether, allyl phenyl ether, dimethyl maleate,         diethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, or diethyl fumarate.     -   75) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at least 10 wt %, at least         15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt         %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at         least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on         the total weight of the composition.     -   76) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78         wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most         50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %,         based on the total weight of the composition.     -   77) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at least 10 wt %, at least         15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt         %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at         least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or at least 80 wt %, based on         the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.     -   78) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78         wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most         50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %,         based on the total weight of the composition excluding any         solvent.     -   79) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at least 19.95 wt %, at         least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40         wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or         at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the first         network-forming component.     -   80) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %, at most 78         wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt %, at most         50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most 20 wt %,         based on the total weight of the first network-forming         component.     -   81) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators comprise a photo-initiator or a thermal initiator.     -   82) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators comprise a photo-initiator that initiates         polymerization in response to UV light, visible light, or both         UV light and visible light.     -   83) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators comprise a photo-initiator that initiates         polymerization at a wavelength of from 300 to 470 nm.     -   84) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators comprise a photo-initiator that initiates         polymerization at a wavelength of from 300 to 395 nm.     -   85) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators comprise a photo-initiator and a thermal initiator.     -   86) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators comprise a thermal initiator.     -   87) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators are present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at         least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least         0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt         %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the composition.     -   88) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8         wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most         4 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.     -   89) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators are present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at         least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least         0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt         %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the composition excluding any         solvent.     -   90) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         monomers are present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8         wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most         4 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding         any solvent.     -   91) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators are present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at         least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least         0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt         %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the first network-forming         component.     -   92) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more first network         initiators are present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most         8 wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at         most 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the first         network-forming component.     -   93) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present in an amount of at most         15 wt %, at most 12 wt %, at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at         most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, at most 4 wt %, at most 3 wt %, or         at most 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.     -   94) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present in an amount of at         least 0.5 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2         wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, or at least 5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the composition.     -   95) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present in an amount of at most         15 wt %, at most 12 wt %, at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at         most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, at most 4 wt %, at most 3 wt %, or         at most 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition         excluding any solvent.     -   96) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present in an amount of at         least 0.5 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2         wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, or at least 5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the composition excluding any         solvent.     -   97) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present in an amount of at most         15 wt %, at most 12 wt %, at most 10 wt %, at most 8 wt %, at         most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, at most 4 wt %, at most 3 wt %, or         at most 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the first         network-forming component.     -   98) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first network         monomer, oligomer, or polymer is present in an amount of at         least 0.5 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2         wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, or at least 5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the first network-forming         component.     -   99) The composition or kit according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the first oligomer comprises         polymerizable groups comprising acrylate, methacrylate, or         itaconate, and the one or more second network compounds         comprises polymerizable groups that comprise epoxy, oxetane, or         hydroxyl.     -   100) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second         network-forming component is present in an amount of 5 wt % or         more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 25 wt %         or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50         wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, based on the         total weight of the composition.     -   101) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein second network-forming         component is present in an amount of 90 wt % or less, 80 wt % or         less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % or less, 40 wt %         or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less, based on the total         weight of the composition.     -   102) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition is         devoid of second network-forming component.     -   103) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition is         substantially devoid of second network-forming component.     -   104) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second         network-forming component is present in an amount of 5 wt % or         more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 25 wt %         or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50         wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, based on the         total weight of the composition, excluding the weight of any         solvent.     -   105) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second         network-forming component is present in an amount of 90 wt % or         less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt %         or less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less,         based on the total weight of the composition excluding any         solvent.     -   106) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second         network-forming component is present in an amount of 5 wt % or         more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more, 25 wt %         or more, 30 wt % or more, 35 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, 50         wt % or more, 60 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, based on the         total weight of the composition excluding any solvent and any         components that do not comprise a polymerizable group.     -   107) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second         network-forming component is present in an amount of 90 wt % or         less, 80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt %         or less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less,         based on the total weight of the composition excluding any         solvent and any components that do not comprise a polymerizable         group.     -   108) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more second         network compounds are present in an amount of at least 5 wt %,         at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at         least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40         wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or         at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.     -   109) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more second         network compounds are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %,         at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt         %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most         20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.     -   110) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more second         network compounds are present in an amount of at least 5 wt %,         at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 19.95 wt %, at         least 20 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 30 wt %, at least 40         wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, or         at least 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition         excluding any solvent.     -   111) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more second         network compounds are present in an amount of at most 80 wt %,         at most 78 wt %, at most 75 wt %, at most 70 wt %, at most 60 wt         %, at most 50 wt %, at most 40 wt %, at most 30 wt %, or at most         20 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding         any solvent.     -   112) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more second         network compounds are present in an amount of at least 50 wt %,         at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 80 wt %, or at         least 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the second         network-forming component.     -   113) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the one or more second         network compounds are present in an amount of at most 99.9 wt %,         at most 99.5 wt %, at most 99 wt %, at most 98 wt %, at most 97         wt %, at most 96 wt %, at most 95 wt %, at most 90 wt %, or at         most 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the second         network-forming component.     -   114) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator comprises a photo-initiator or a thermal initiator.     -   115) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator comprises a photo-initiator that initiates         polymerization in response to UV light, visible light, or both         UV light and visible light.     -   116) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator comprises a photo-initiator and a thermal initiator.     -   117) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator is present in an amount at least 0.01 wt %, at least         0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt         %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt %, at         least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %, based on         the total weight of the composition excluding any solvent.     -   118) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator is present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8         wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most         4 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition excluding         any solvent.     -   119) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator is present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt %, at         least 0.05 wt %, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least         0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 1.0 wt         %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, or at least 2.5 wt %,         based on the total weight of the second network-forming         component.     -   120) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         initiator is present in an amount of at most 10 wt %, at most 8         wt %, at most 7 wt %, at most 6 wt %, at most 5 wt %, or at most         4 wt %, based on the total weight of the second network-forming         component.     -   121) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further         comprises an organic or inorganic particulate filler, such as         SiO₂, AlO₂, TiO₂, ZnO₂, SnO₂, Am—SnO₂, ZrO₂, Sb—SnO₂, Al₂O₃, or         carbon black.     -   122) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further         comprises a particulate filler comprising a polymerizable group         that is able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of         the first oligomer.     -   123) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         comprises a polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize         with the polymerizable groups of the one or more second network         compounds.     -   124) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate,         methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or         fumarate.     -   125) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate,         methacrylate, epoxy, oxetane, hydroxyl, or itaconate.     -   126) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         comprises a polymerizable group comprising acrylate or         methacrylate.     -   127) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         comprises a polymerizable group comprising epoxy, oxetane or         hydroxyl.     -   128) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein particulate filler         comprises an impact modifier.     -   129) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         is present in the composition in an amount of 1 wt % or more, 5         wt % or more, 10 wt % or more, 15 wt % or more, 20 wt % or more,         30 wt % or more, 40 wt % or more, or 50 wt % or more, based on         the total weight of the composition.     -   130) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the particulate filler         is present in the composition in an amount of 90 wt % or less,         80 wt % or less, 70 wt % or less, 60 wt % or less, 50 wt % or         less, 40 wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, or 20 wt % or less,         based on the total weight of the composition.     -   131) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further         comprises a stabilizer, such as a viscosity stabilizer or light         stabilizer, a UV absorber, a dye, a pigment, a plasticizer, a         surfactant, an antioxidant, a wetting agent, a photosensitizer,         a defoamer, a flame retardant, a silane coupling agent, an acid         scavenger, an accelerators for a thermal initiator, and/or a         bubble breaker.     -   132) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further         comprises a non-particulate impact modifier.     -   133) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further         comprises a non-particulate impact modifier and the         non-particulate impact modifier does not comprise a         polymerizable group.     -   134) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further         comprises a non-particulate impact modifier and the         non-particulate impact modifier comprises a polymerizable group.     -   135) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the non-particulate         impact modifier comprises a block copolymer.     -   136) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the further first         network monomer, oligomer, or polymer comprises a         non-particulate impact modifier comprising a polymerizable         group.     -   137) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the second network         compound comprises a non-particulate impact modifier comprising         a polymerizable group.     -   138) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition         comprises 50 wt % or less of solvent, based on the total weight         of the composition, wt % or less, 30 wt % or less, 20 wt % or         less, 10 wt % or less, 5 wt % or less, or 0 wt %.     -   139) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, the viscosity of the         composition at 30° C. is 4000 cps or less, 3000 cps, or less,         2000 cps or less, 1500 cps or less, or 1200 cps or less.     -   140) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the viscosity of the         composition at 30° C. is 300 cps or more.     -   141) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition or         liquid sub-composition further comprises a dispersing medium.     -   142) The composition according to any one of the preceding         exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition further comprises         from 20 to 70 wt % of a dispersing medium.     -   143) The kit according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein the liquid sub-composition further         comprises from 20 to 80 wt % of a dispersing medium.     -   144) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition or         liquid sub-composition further comprises a dispersing medium and         the dispersing medium comprises water.     -   145) The composition or kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the composition or         liquid sub-composition further comprises a dispersing medium and         the dispersing medium consists of water.     -   146) An article formed by polymerizing the composition, the         composition optionally formed by combining the elements of the         kit, according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments.     -   147) An article formed by polymerizing the composition, the         composition optionally formed by combining the elements of the         kit, according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more         of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a         tensile modulus as measured at 150° C. of from 3, from 5, from         7, from 10, from 15, or from 20 MPa to 50, to 45, or to 40 MPa,         as determined by DMTA in accordance with ASTM D5026.     -   148) An article formed by polymerizing the composition, the         composition optionally formed by combining the elements of the         kit, according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more         of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a yield         stress at 23° C. of from 50 to 90 MPa, and an elongation at         break at 23° C. of greater than 3%, as determined according to         ISO 37:2011.     -   149) An article formed by polymerizing the composition, the         composition optionally formed by combining the elements of the         kit, according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more         of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a         tensile modulus as measured at 23° C. of from 2000 to 3500 MPa,         as determined according to ISO 37:2011.     -   150) An article formed by polymerizing the composition, the         composition optionally formed by combining the elements of the         kit, according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more         of total the polymerizable groups has elongation at break at         23° C. of greater than 3% and less than 20%, less than 15%, or         less than 10%.     -   151) A method of forming a three-dimensional object comprising         the steps of providing a composition according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, or a composition formed by         combining the elements of the kit according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, and polymerizing the         composition.     -   152) A method of forming a three-dimensional object comprising         the steps of forming a layer of the composition according to any         one of the preceding exemplary embodiments, or a composition         formed by combining the elements of the kit according to any one         of the preceding exemplary embodiments, curing the composition         with radiation to form a desired shape, and repeating the steps         of forming and curing a plurality of times to obtain a         three-dimensional object.     -   153) A method of forming a three-dimensional object comprising         the steps of selectively dispensing the composition according to         any one of the preceding exemplary embodiments, or a composition         formed by combining the elements of the kit according to any one         of the preceding exemplary embodiments, curing the composition         with radiation to form a desired shape, and repeating the steps         of selectively dispensing and curing a plurality of times to         obtain a three-dimensional object.     -   154) A method of forming a three-dimensional object comprises         the steps of forming a layer of the composition according to any         one of the preceding exemplary embodiments, or a composition         formed by combining the elements of the kit according to any one         of the preceding exemplary embodiments, selectively curing the         layer with radiation to form a desired shape, and repeating the         steps of forming and selectively curing a layer of the         composition a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional         object.     -   155) A method of forming a three-dimensional article by         polymerizing the composition according to any one of the         preceding exemplary embodiments, or by polymerizing a         composition formed by combining the elements of the kit         according to any one of the preceding exemplary embodiments, the         method comprising the steps of forming a layer from a first         composition comprising the first oligomer and selectively         dispensing a second composition comprising one or more first         network monomers onto the first composition in accordance with         the shape of a portion of a three-dimensional object, wherein         the one or more first network initiators are present either in         the layer of first oligomer, in the composition comprising the         one or more first network monomers, or both.     -   156) A method of forming a three-dimensional article from the         kit of any one of the preceding exemplary embodiments,         comprising the steps of forming a layer of the particulate         sub-composition; selectively dispensing, such as by jetting, or         non-selectively dispensing the liquid sub-composition;         optionally selectively applying or non-selectively applying         radiation to thereby induce curing of the particulate         sub-composition and liquid sub-composition; and repeating the         steps of forming, dispensing, and selectively curing a plurality         of times in order to form a three-dimensional object.     -   157) The method according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, further comprising the step of evaporating the         dispersing medium.     -   158) The method according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein the composition is present as a liquid at         the time of curing the composition, such as by initiating the         polymerization reaction by the application of radiation, such as         light or heat.     -   159) The method according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein the composition is present as a liquid at         the time of curing the composition, such as by initiating the         polymerization reaction by the application of radiation, such as         light or heat, and wherein the liquid composition possesses a         temperature of 25° or more, 30° C. or more, 35° C. or more,         40° C. or more, or 45° C. or more at the time that         polymerization is initiated.     -   160) The method according to any one of the preceding exemplary         embodiments, wherein the composition is present as a liquid at         the time of curing the composition, such as by initiating the         polymerization reaction by the application of radiation, such as         light or heat, and wherein the liquid composition possesses a         temperature of 200° C. or less, 180° C. or less, 150° C. or         less, 100° C. or less, 80° C. or less, or 50° C. or less, at the         time that polymerization is initiated.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. While certain optional features are described as embodiments of the invention, the description is meant to encompass and specifically disclose all combinations of these embodiments unless specifically indicated otherwise or physically impossible. 

1. A composition for forming a three-dimensional object via an additive fabrication process comprising: a. from 30 to 100 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition, of a first network-forming component comprising: i. from 19.95 to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component, of a first oligomer comprising a backbone comprising a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide, and having a number average of at least 2 polymerizable groups, wherein the polymerizable groups comprise acrylate, methacrylate, itaconate, vinyl ether, allyl ether, maleate, or fumarate, and wherein the first oligomer has a number average molecular weight of from 800 to 10000 g/mol and a Tg of 25° C. or more; ii. from 19.95 to 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the network-forming component, of one or more first network monomers having a number average of 0.95 to 1.1 polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, wherein a linear polymer formed from the one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 25° C. or more; iii. from 0.05 to 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the first network-forming component, of one or more first network initiators capable of initiating the polymerization of the first oligomer and the first network monomer; and iv. optionally, up to 15 wt % of one or more further first network monomers, oligomers, or polymers having a number average of 2 or more polymerizable groups that are able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer or the one or more first-network monomers; b. a second network-forming component comprising one or more second network compounds comprising polymerizable groups that do not (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer, and a second network initiator for initiating the polymerization of the one or more second network compounds; and c. optionally, a particulate filler comprising a polymerizable group that is able to (co)polymerize with the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first network initiator comprises a photo-initiator.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a tensile modulus measured at 150° C. of from 3 and 50 MPa and a Tg of 40° C. or higher.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer comprise endgroups.
 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the polymerizable groups of the first oligomer consist of endgroups.
 6. The composition of claim 4, wherein the first oligomer has a number average of from 2 to 3 endgroups, and wherein the amount, number average molecular weight, and number average of endgroups of the first oligomer in the composition satisfies the following equation: ${XMPa} \leq {3*R*T*\left\lbrack {{\left( {3 - f} \right)*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)} + {\left( {f - 2} \right)*3*\left( \frac{\rho*w_{oligomer}}{M_{oligomer}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \leq {YMPa}$ wherein R is the gas constant 8.314 cm³ MPa K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, T is 423.15 K, f is the number average of endgroups of the first oligomer, ρ is the density of the first oligomer in g/cm³, M_(oligomer) is the number average molecular weight of the first oligomer in g/mol, w_(oligomer) is the weight fraction of the first oligomer in the first network-forming component, X is 3, and Y is
 50. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least 50 mol % of the backbone of the first oligomer comprises a polyepoxide based on Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polyepoxide based on hydrogenated Bisphenol A, F, or S, a polycarbonate, or a polyimide.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the backbone of the first oligomer comprises a Bisphenol A polycarbonate.
 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the first oligomer has a number average of from 2 to 3 endgroups.
 10. The composition of claim 7, wherein the first oligomer has a number average molecular weight of from 800 to 8000 g/mol.
 11. The composition of claim 4, wherein a linear polymer formed from the one or more first network monomers has a Tg of 60° C. or more.
 12. The composition of claim 10, wherein the one or more first network monomers have a number average molecular weight of 300 g/mol or less.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the one or more first network monomers comprises methyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxy ethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxy propyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, or isobutyl (meth)acrylate.
 14. An article formed by polymerizing the composition of claim 1, wherein a film formed by polymerizing 90% or more of total the polymerizable groups in the composition has a tensile modulus as measured at 150° C. of from 3 MPa to 50 MPa, as determined by DMTA in accordance with ASTM D5026.
 15. A method of forming a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of: a. forming a layer of the composition according to claim 1, b. curing the layer with electromagnetic radiation in order to form a desired shape, and c. repeating the steps of forming and curing a plurality of times to obtain a three-dimensional object. 